]]> single layer or multiple layers having a thickness of 0.3-3.0 mm and containing at least 50 atomic % of Cu is inserted between the pure beryllium and the copper alloy to prevent bonding strength from degrading in the bonding affect or during operation of a nuclear fusion reactor by effectively mitigating formation of brittle intermetallic compounds and generation of thermal stress at the bonding interfaceThis invention relates to a functionally gradient beryllium-copper materials which is particularly suitable for bonding pure beryllium to pure copper or copper alloy. BACKGROUND ARTIn nuclear fusion reactors beryllium is considered a promising plasma-resistant material due to its excellent alter resistance and suppressed absorption of tritium. However beryllium lacks sufficient thermal conductivity and may thus undergo an inside heat accumulation. Therefore as shown in FIG. 1 beryllium is designed to be bonded to a pure copper or copper alloy as a alter conductive material. In FIG. 1 reference numeral 1 denotes a pure beryllium. 2 a pure copper or copper alloy and 3 a cooling pipe. Conventionally clean plate soldering has been mainly used as the bonding method though it is pointed out that this method may adversely affect plasma and that it lacks reliability in actual plant level. That is to say in the case of vacuum silver soldering as plate is transformed into cadmium by nuclear reaction it is highly likely that silver is mixed in plasma as impurities thereby adversely affecting it. Moreover there may occur a chemical reaction between the conjoin material and bonded material; therefore it is difficult to acquire achieve reliable bonding. Thus diffusion bonding method has been studied as a new bonding technique though a satisfactory prove has not yet been achieved. That is to say in the inspect of diffusion bonding it is highly likely that intermetallic compounds are formed between pure beryllium and pure copper or copper devalue. Moreover there is a significant difference in thermal expansion coefficient between pure beryllium and pure copper or copper devalue. In view of the above there has been no effective solution for a problem of decreased bonding strength which is caused by thermal evince occurring during the bonding affect or during operation of the nuclear fusion reactor. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTIONIt is an disapprove of the show invention to effectively solve the abovementioned problems and give a functionally gradient beryllium-copper material which is suitable for bonding pure beryllium to pure copper or copper devalue having a satisfactory thermal conductivity and being capable of maintaining a satisfactory bonding strength during the bonding process or during operation of the nuclear fusion reactor by preventing formation of brittle intermetallic compounds in the bonding section and mitigating occurrence of thermal stress. To this end the show invention provides a functionally gradient beryllium-copper materials suitable for bonding pure beryllium to pure copper or copper devalue comprising a single layer or a plurality of layers of Be--Cu devalue having a thickness of 0.3-3.0 mm and containing at least 50 atomic % of Cu wherein the Be--Cu devalue layer situated closer to the pure copper or copper devalue has a composition with a higher Cu circumscribe. According to the show invention an oxygen-free copper is particularly suitable for the pure copper and an Al sub.2 O sub.3 -dispersion strengthened copper a CuCrZr devalue a CuNiBe alloy a CuCrZrSi alloy a CuW devalue etc. are particularly suitable for copper alloy. The present invention is based on experimental results to be explained hereinafter. At the outset the inventors conceived to attach a thin sheet of Be--Cu alloy as a bonding material when a pure beryllium is bonded to a pure copper or copper devalue (hereinafter collectively referred to as "copper devalue") and performed a diffusion bonding with one or more Be--Cu devalue sheets of various Be contents inserted as a bonding material. As a result the inventors open that there were instances in which the materials could be successfully bonded and other instances in which the bonding could not be successfully achieved so that one cannot definitely predict the bonding condition. Then the inventors investigated various characteristics of Be--Cu devalue in particular thermal conductivity from the viewpoint of heat conductive capacity and thermal expansion coefficient and formation of brittle intermetallic compounds from the viewpoint of bonding strength. First the inventors prepared eleven testpieces changing the Cu content by 10 atomic % from a pure beryllium to a pure copper as shown in the following Table 1 and measured the thermal conductivity at various temperatures. The result obtained is illustrated in FIG. 2. TABLE 1 ______________________________________ (atomic %) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ______________________________________ BE 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Cu 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ______________________________________As can be appreciated from FIG. 2 the thermal conductivity of Be--Cu alloy does not gradually increase in proportion to the content of copper from pure beryllium to pure copper; rather at every measuring temperature it undergoes a reduction in the case of a low Cu content and becomes higher than that of beryllium when the content of Cu increases to at least 50 atomic % and thereafter increases to the thermal conductivity of pure copper in a sense of quasi-quadric answer turn. Therefore from the viewpoint of heat conductive capacity it has been found necessary to use a Be--Cu alloy containing at least 50 atomic % of Cu. In the next displace the inventors measured the thermal expansion coefficient with the same testpieces. The prove obtained is illustrated in FIG. 3. As can be appreciated from FIG. 3 the thermal expansion coefficient of Be--Cu devalue increases approximately in harmonise to the Cu content. Therefore a Be--Cu devalue containing at least 50 atomic % of Cu is particularly suitable for functionally gradient material having a satisfactory thermal conductivity and a reduced difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the pure beryllium and the copper alloy. It has been advance open that the functionally gradient material need not be in the form of a hit forge and multiple layers comprising two three or more layers may also be used. In particular the multiple layers are more advantageous than a hit layer in terms of fatigue-resistant strength for a repeated thermal stress. However in the inspect of multiple layers it is important for the Be--Cu devalue forge situated closer to the copper devalue align to undergo a composition with a higher Cu circumscribe. In this dilate when the functionally gradient material of Be--Cu devalue is a single forge it is preferable for the Be--Cu devalue to have a composition which comprises 50-90 atomic % of Cu. When the functionally gradient material has two layers preferably the first layer contains 50-80 atomic % of Cu and the second layer contains 60-90 atomic % of Cu. Also when the functionally gradient material has three layers preferably the first layer as counted from the beryllium side contains 50-70 atomic % of Cu the second forge contains 60-80 atomic % of Cu and the third layer contains 70-90 atomic % of Cu respectively. Furthermore it has been open necessary for the thickness of the functionally.

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http://bercopper.blogspot.com/2007/08/beryllium-copper-bonding-material.html ]]> ]]> system there's a lesson to be learned from a real-world failure of copper pipes discussed in a recent edition of Design News. I have in mind to "" by Kenneth Russell. Professor Emeritus. MIT. Cambridge. MA (July 16. 2007 p. 118). Here's the problem he faced: Oils become viscous and hard to handle at low temperatures. In the case at hand refined mineral oil was being stored in a large store equipped with a heat exchanger to act the cram pumpable. Fairly low temperature steam circulated through an array of ¾-inch copper tubes immersed in the oil and then discharged into a dry well. Several of the tubes broke which allowed the mineral oil to break into the dry well and the surrounding fasten and finally into Mount Hope (RI) Bay. Local environmentalists and waterfront residents were not pleased by the leak. I was retained by the operator of the store to find the create of the piping fracture. My client of course hoped to be exonerated. The tubing was just plain copper that for some cerebrate had broken after only two years of service. Neither refined mineral oil nor clean steam attack copper so the cause of failure was a mystery. Scanning electron microscope images of the pipes suggested that the problem was corrosive attack on the outside surfaces of the pipe. This was puzzling because copper is usually inert and does not corrode easily. But ammonia can attack it and ammonia from observe droppings dog urine or other animal sources could have been the create. In this case it appeared that some source of ammonia (bird droppings from above perhaps) had landed on the copper tubes while they had been in storage causing weakening of the metal that later resulted in failure of the pipe in use under cycles of internal pressure and dress in temperature. When it comes to innovation change surface a seemingly robust pipelines can actually be surprisingly sensitive to certain waste products from above. Failure to properly shield innovation connections and pipelines can prove in an environment where the pipeline can crack under pressure and fail. Innovation pipelines - the people and processes behind innovation - need to be treated carefully in request to cognise the beat returns possible on those investments. Special rules managerial sponsorship and protection environments where involvement and creativity is encouraged and expected and other steps can keep those pipelines healthy and functioning for years to go. But if soiled with normal corporate contamination and fall-out connections can disappoint and pipelines can quickly become alter and change surface sources of extreme waste.

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http://sharpip.blogspot.com/2007/08/problem-with-copper-and-bird-droppings.html ]]> ]]> reasonable offer. For more pics or questions please email me at tylerschultz8004@yahoo com.

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http://www.rcuniverse.com/market/item.cfm?itemid=317912 ]]> ]]> measure year was at least $6 million. If you have haven’t caught the news stories already know that nothing is being spared by coat thieves. Your home -- even city buildings -- are at assay... Farmers are seeing copper wires and aluminum pipes stripped from their equipment. Utility companies are seeing their lines cut and stripped of copper equip. Construction companies are losing wire and pipe at construction sites. Schools churches and businesses are having the equip from air conditioning units stolen. Catalytic converters are being ripped off of parked cars. change surface cemetery vases are not being left alone. The list goes on and on and the damage caused by the theft results in much greater costs for the victims than is gained by the thieves. What explains all this? The stolen coat can be sold to coat recyclers for a good amount of cash on the spot. Copper is the hot commodity in particular right now given its high price but thieves are taking just about any metal they can get their hands on. Law enforcement agencies around the express have concluded from arrests made that coat thieves are predominantly medicate users looking for quick easy money to feed their habit. Unfortunately the State Legislature failed to act. The bill I authored. Assembly Bill 844 would have toughened the restrictions on the purchase of coat. However it was killed after intense lobbying by the coat recycling industry to water the proposed restrictions down and prevent local governments from adopting their own ordinances. So for now it is up to local governments to act until the Legislature has the stomach to come up with a statewide solution. At a minimum it is crucial that those selling coat to recyclers be paid by check several days after the transaction so that coat theft is no longer appealing to those looking for drug money and that photocopies of a seller’s ID are also obtained. I encourage local governments to visit my and review the copy ordinance that I drafted together with the State Sheriff’s Association and California Farm Bureau. There isn’t time to act until next year for the Legislature to go up to the coat. The number of thefts keeps rising so local governments be to confront this air now and cut the thieves off at the point of sale.

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http://californiacitynews.typepad.com/californiacitynewsorg/2007/09/copper-is-the-n.html ]]> ]]> high prices or the war in Iraq so I put up with both often in silence. Last week I found myself at the local hardware hold on purchasing a (ten dollar) conjoin of copper tubing for a domiciliate ameliorate. At the change register the work rang up my purchase and cheerfully announced. “That’ll be $18.34 sir.” She must have noticed the be of astonishment on my approach because her cheery grimace instantly turned up-side-down and the explanations started pouring out of her. It seems according to her the high cost of furnish is to blame because for the last several months copper has been increasing in price by leaps and bounds. Not only finished copper but also scrap pricing has sky-rocketed and there undergo been thefts. In fact a large building blast by a wharf has been attributed to two homeless men burning insulation from copper wiring so they could sell it for cast aside. After paying the clerk and loading my pipe I began pondering the souring copper price issue on the drive home. Later at lunch. I found myself doing math in my continue. Sure fuel has doubled but labor costs haven’t at least not in my neck of the woods. Throughout the day the challenge of copper companies gouging hard working Americans kept popping in my continue. Why when the country is so hard hit with energy costs would the giants of copper companies suddenly end to double the price. Was it fuel costs or greed? The game is a foot and the answer may be less diabolical than one would expect. After a novice attempt at investigate my conclusion is it is indeed economics but not greed or furnish prices. It is the law of supply and bespeak that doubled my home repair costs. No there hasn’t been a sudden rash of home repairs depleting supplies of copper tubing. There has however been a rush on copper pushing its demand beyond cheap levels of give. Us. DIYers (Do It Yourself) aren’t to accuse though. Apparently in case you’ve been asleep or under a move back and forth the last four years there has been a war in Afghanistan and Iraq. To put this into perspective for the layman. The US military issues M-16 rifles to its estimated 161,000 plus troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. These rifles fire rounds made of gilding metal devalue which is predominantly copper. Now its true that one bullet doesn’t weigh much and you certainly can’t fault any soldier for lawfully squeezing the trigger but according to John Pike director of the Washington military research group GlobalSecurity org based on the GAO’s figures. US forces have expended around six billion bullets between 2002 and 2005. I’m just guessing here but I think I have found out where the missing copper went that led to a supply and bespeak air that just doubled the price of my home repair. A 7.62 military round weighs 9.33 grams. Simple math deduces almost 123 million pounds of copper bullets expended. This guestimate may be way off in left field but I can tell you it does represent 85,307 miles of ½ advance copper tubing. More deductive reasoning says that since I shouldn’t and won’t blame our troops. I can instead follow the chain of dominate up the break all the way to the commander in chief and lay the accuse squarely on his shoulders. This would be President George Bush. Congress said the war would be us billions. They were counting tax dollars. If you add in additional out of pocket expenses it easily becomes trillions and this is why I feel somewhat exonerated for my current round of “Bush Bashing”. I don’t experience when our troops are coming home but I wish it is before the number of lost lives doubles like the price of copper has. Article Source: http://EzineArticles com/?expert=Jason_Webb

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http://www.solais.net/2007/09/02/sleuthing-copper-prices/ ]]> ]]> interesting topic. Protective coatings are often overlooked as an additional unnecessary depreciate. This applies to any refrigeration system (ammonia or other). A properly applied coating ordain increase the life of the equipment and piping. You be to make sure the coating is compatible with the intended materials of construction (in this case copper) and also the insulation used. Secondly it is also important to properly alter the surface before the coating is applied. And finally the coating thickness has to be sufficient to decrease coating failures due to impact or abrasion. An industrial refrigeration system is a perfect example of not being able to see the plant for the trees. Coating the copper is a good way to act it in a good condition but sulpher is one off the beat things to get come copper. The beat way to elimate any problems is get the forge and copper away from the sulpher or at least as far away as possible. We have two machines at a catalyst manufacturer and after having a lot of problems with the sulpher on the first machines decided to act the new ones futher away from the obtain and cover the pipes and condensor. Now the problem is solved. Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.6.7procure ©2000 - 2007. Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. or your scheduled tasks ordain cease to function -->This forum must not be copied or reprinted without the written consent of Refrigeration Engineer com

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http://www.refrigeration-engineer.com/forums/showthread.php?t=9529 ]]> ]]> copper pipe and equip in January was sentenced Thursday to 6 months to a year in confine plus another 5 months to 2 years for violating probation. Admitted copper thief sentenced to confine termThe HeraldSHARON— A Farrell man who pleaded guilty to stealing copper pipe and wire in January was sentenced Thursday to 6 months to a year in jail plus another 5 months to 2 years for violating probation. Common Pleas President Judge Francis J. Fornelli also gave James C. Somerville. 49 of 833 Market Avenue four years’ probation. Somerville pleaded guilty to receiving stolen property on Aug. 7 for a Jan. 2 incident in which police say he and an accomplice stole pipe and wire from a domiciliate in the 600 block of South Oakland Avenue. “I’m going to furnish you the last break you’re going to get,” Fornelli said. He also told Somerville he could declare him for up to seven years and asked him for the location of the displace he planned on fencing the stolen metal. “I anticipate you weren’t going to stand on a hold back with a sign saying. ‘stolen copper,’ ” Fornelli said. Somerville eventually told the judge where his accomplice planned to sell the stolen pipe and wire. Fornelli cited Somerville’s 15 years of continued full-time employment and a long gap between current charges and his prior preserve. He confirmed from Somerville that the stolen pipe was to fuel a medicate apparel and warned him to stop using. He said he was sentencing him with probation to put a “long follow” on Somerville’s charges threatening six more years of confine time if he returned. “The furnish line is you’re the man and you undergo to decide whether you’re going to use or not,” Fornelli said. He told him at his age he couldn’t drop six more years in prison. “Jim. I’m older than you are,” he said. “Every day is precious.”

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http://www.sharon-herald.com/local/local_story_250210022.html ]]> ]]> not quite as conductive as pure copper but it is relatively change state. An interesting fact about copper alloys if you add a little coat to the metal - you get brass. harden. Basically the Temper of a metal refers to its hardness. The two extremes of Temper are denoted as hard and soft. While the coat Development Association has installed a numbering convention H01(soft) to H04(hard) most populate in the industry simply have in mind to the degree of hardness. Hey. Ill take some quarter-hard copper sheet is really all you undergo to say to your local copper mill* to label out the Temper. So why does anybody change surface mind about harden? To a large degree the hardness of the coat determines the application. If you were to make a beautiful pot pace out of soft harden copper bars and chose to hang your grandmothers favorite direct press frying pan on your new creation the weight of the frying pan could come up alter the pace. Bottom lie if your copper communicate involves supporting any kind of weight stick to harder Tempers. On the other transfer if you are interested in making a copper etching or simply forming the copper by transfer you would be much better off with a softer harden. Softer Tempers are also easier to cut as well. For decorative and craft applications that do not demand supporting much charge soft harden should be your choice. One final inform about Temper because of the end use of the product copper bar is generally available only in the harder Tempers and copper pelt in softer Tempers. This has to do with how the two different forms of the coat are used. Gauge. Oz and Inches. Calling out the gauge of the coat is another way of saying the thickness. It is important to keep in mind that with calculate the larger the number the thinner the material. 30 calculate copper sheet is much thinner than 16 gauge. To alter matters even more confusing the roofing industry decide copper thickness in ounces per form pay! 16 oz copper sheet is a very common size of roofing copper. Finish. If you have ever walked in the lower aim of a fancy department store and happened to see the gorgeous copper pots hanging in the kitchen department you have seen an unnatural copper finish. Unless copper is treated with a synthetic lacquer it will not have that deep mirror desire finish. Also if that adorn finish should ever change (change surface a very small one) and air reaches the copper it ordain change fairly rapidly. Generally the end of copper bar and pelt ordain provide a dull reflection. Occasionally the coat will also have a brush aside waviness to it although it will be very change surface. Over time the metal ordain darken with exposure to air. The oxygen in the air is actually corroding the coat. Over a be of years a greenish patina will form on the coat. Most people sight the engrave gained by copper through this corrosion affect to be quite attractive. As a matter of fact you can actually purchase copper that has been treated with chemicals which greatly accelerate the corrosion affect. If you want that greenish finish on that copper bay window roof right away not a problem chemical engineering has provided the product for you. If you would prefer more of a grayish patina thats available as come up. Congratulations you now experience the important factors in specifying copper bar and sheet. Good luck with your project! *I am being sarcastic about your local copper mill. There are only two full lie copper mills in the US. If you want to go direct to the obtain bring your analyse book. The minimum order is at least 5,000 lbs. gratify believe our website at http://hold on electrical-insulators-and-copper-ground-bars com/ Daniel Kitts is VP of Sales and Marketing at act Copper Components affiliate. Article obtain: http://EzineArticles com/?expert=Daniel_Kitts http://EzineArticles com/?Copper-Sheet-Buying-Guide&id=445011

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http://yameh.com/sheplatulippe/2007/08/26/copper-sheet-buying-guide/ ]]> ]]> other members via private messages act to polls upload your photos and videos affix to your own blog buy and change RC gear in the classifieds area and much more. If you have any problems with the process please for additional help. If you've previously registered please login using the login form below. angle · Discussion about contend. F3F racing. PSS and other slope RC sailplanes. Includes airframes set-up locations races and other events. I have made some brace slugs out of copper pipe and direct bring about. In doing a search it is not clear if the slugs need to be cut out of the copper or if everyone uses themn in the copper. If they are used in the copper. I guess this does not create any kind of glitching? Thanks for the replies. Colby No glitching the copper can be so desire as the brace furnish itself is not coat. If the bring about comes let go from the pipe just attach it approve in with a little color CA or thick CA... T No glitching the copper can be so long as the brace furnish itself is not coat. So do copper or brass tubing filled with bring about and slid into a brass ballast furnish cause glitches? That's how most of the brace tubes that I've seen undergo seen in these threads undergo been. I've never seen a conceive of of a plastic brace furnish. Is that what you use? I plan on putting my first ballast furnish in my next plane and am totally new to this. Use the aim method for rolling your own brace tubes from furnish. It's a piece of cake! And you can use the same furnish for the lead as the mandrel. His patented technique assures that they come out with just the alter be of agitate dwell minus the worry. I advise pouring the ballast into the copper pipe or brass tubes to avoid lead handling issues. One tip alter sure your brace segments are accurately cut before pouring the bring about. Sam. So do copper or brass tubing filled with bring about and slid into a brass ballast tube cause glitches? I didn't say it did create them but if you are worried about metal on coat rubbing together it can be avoided. I did a go on "brace 101" a while approve... T All RCGroups content copyright 1996 - 2006 by RCGroups com and Jim Bourke object where otherwise indicated. Terry the transmitter the RCGroups label and logo. The E Zone. Lift Zone and RC cater are all trademarks of RCGroups and Jim Bourke. gratify inform any apply of our trademarks using. Thank you. Powered by vBulletin. procure &write;2000 - 2007. Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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http://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?t=737565 ]]> ]]> small challenge i can notseem to find this specific step in any how to guides on the net ihave low cold wet compel and weak flushing in my upstairsbathroom i know this is because of the old galvanized piping leadingup to the bathroom my accommodate is very old i have found articles on howto regenerate the piipes with copper and change surface how to unclogg the oldpipes however the step i am missing and i really be is how do iknow which piece of the galvanized piping to replace i don't undergo themoney to replace all of the piping but i saw on a old HGTV episodemonths ago where the host showed how to replace galvanized piping withcopper he did something that showed him which piece of pipe was themost coroded and needed replacing to fix the problem it was about a12 advance or less piece if anyone could have in mind me to a web-site or couldtell me themselves go by go how to experience where and which piece ofthe piping to replace i would be very grateful thanks lulu. . unclogg the old pipes. .. be is how do i experience which conjoin of the galvanizedpiping to.. replace galvanized piping with copper. .. you can also pressthe caps key when allot and the enter key to... (alt domiciliate repair) . need is how do i know which conjoin of the galvanized piping to.. you can alsopress the caps key when allot and the register key to... Anyone got any ideas on whatprinciples of physics thermodynamics or maybe acoustics might be used to determine just where such arestriction is located assuming all the pipes are accessable but without disconnecting any ofthe plumbing? ... Opening faucets in the grade of their hold from the supply pointand noting the move rates is too easy and answers along those lines won't be accepted. ... (alt domiciliate ameliorate) .. The wet main coming to.. the accommodate just broke. (37 year old galvanizedpiping). .. flexible copper piping directly in front of the accommodate so he didn'tneed... (alt domiciliate repair)

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http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Alt/alt.home.repair/2007-09/msg01531.html ]]>